1. Two effects of increasing video gain are that the camera lets in more light but the quality of the picture will become grainy.
2. The shutter speed should usually be set at 50 frames per second.
3. You should increase the shutter speed when you want to slow something down in post production. A side effect of this is that the camera requires more light.
4. The white balance is to set the colour balance right.
5. Increasing the audio gain increases the volume but can cause distortion.
6. The presses of focusing are: focus in, zoom in, focus on hair, then use expanded focus.
7. The ND filter is used for shooting outside in overexposed conditions. The effect is that it makes the shot darker.
8. While shooting in a dark room the exposure would be better at F1.
Tuesday, 21 September 2010
Tuesday, 14 September 2010
Digital Television Technology
Digital technology has enabled us to radically change the way that we watch and use TV and film. Because digital signals can be compressed easily we can now have lots more channels with better quality. Also because it can be compressed it means that the data can be stored in very small devices such as USB drives, I-pods and phones. This makes the storage of shows and films a lot easier because it takes up much less space. This allows us to have lots of film on our computers and on the internet (YouTube). Digital has also vastly improved editing. Because it has moved from tape to computers it has made editing much more instant. Also you can add special effects with digital far easier than with tape. Digital has made editing far easier because everything that would have taken a long time before can now be done instantly at the touch of a button.
TV Featrures
TV Pixels
TV pictures are all made up of tiny dots called pixels. However when we see the image on a TV screen our brain puts the small dots back together and we see a complete image. The more pixels the image has means that the resolution of the image will be better meaning that the quality of the picture is better.
TV motion
TV is not made up of moving images. It is made up of lots of still images that are played at 25 frames a second in the UK. At this speed images seem to run together smoothly and not jerky. Anything below this would produce jolty movement on screen.
TV screen
TV screens are made up of hundreds of lines that are called scan lines. There are 525 lines on a UK TV. Different countries have different standards of the number of lines per screen and numbers of frames per second. The lines do not go on the screen all at once but in lines.
TV pictures are all made up of tiny dots called pixels. However when we see the image on a TV screen our brain puts the small dots back together and we see a complete image. The more pixels the image has means that the resolution of the image will be better meaning that the quality of the picture is better.
TV motion
TV is not made up of moving images. It is made up of lots of still images that are played at 25 frames a second in the UK. At this speed images seem to run together smoothly and not jerky. Anything below this would produce jolty movement on screen.
TV screen
TV screens are made up of hundreds of lines that are called scan lines. There are 525 lines on a UK TV. Different countries have different standards of the number of lines per screen and numbers of frames per second. The lines do not go on the screen all at once but in lines.
Aspect Ratio
Aspect ratio is the shape of the TV screen. Old TV’s were all in 4:3 which is almost a square. Now most modern TV’s are all in 16:9. The 16:9 aspects give the viewer a panoramic view which immerses the viewer into the action that is happening on screen. This makes for better viewing.
Pan and scan
However when you have a TV show that is in 4:3 and it has to fit onto a 16:9 screen then if you don’t convert it then the picture will be very stretched. To prevent this from happening you have to pillarbox the screen so that two black bars appear on either side of the screen.
UK broadcast systems
Terrestrial broadcasting
Terrestrial broadcasting is the broadcasting of images and media through radio waves. This is done by erecting large radio antenna that then broadcast the radio waves to smaller antenna that are attached to a person’s house. The BBC broadcast on terrestrial. This method of TV broadcasting has been used for a long time. With analogue broadcasting there are only a certain amount of TV channels that can be broadcast because of the bandwidth. The bandwidth is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are quite a few drawbacks with analogue broadcasting. For one if the weather is bad then you can lose the signal on your TV. Also radio antenna cannot broadcast very far so you need lots of them to cover a wide area. And lastly if your house is situated behind a hill and the antenna is on the other side then you will not receive much signal because the radio waves cannot travel through solid objects. However now with the invention of digital terrestrial we can now use a multiplex to combine lots of TV signals into one bandwidth. This means that we can now get more channels on a terrestrial broadcast. Digital signals are better than analogue because they can give better quality of picture and sound. They can now also introduce interactive aspects into digital TV.
Satellite broadcasting
Satellite broadcasting is when the TV station transmits the TV signal to a satellite that is situated in orbit around the earth. SKY is the biggest UK provider of satellite TV. This satellite then transmits the signal back down to earth and to the houses that have the receiving dish. This method of broadcasting is a lot better that terrestrial broadcasting because of a number of things. One is that you can broadcast much more channels. This means that now there are a lot more channels that can cater to the wide diversity of the British audience. But know because of digital terrestrial we can get more channels without having to pay for satellite. Also there is no problem with the lay of the land because the satellite is above the land. Also the quality of the signal is a lot better because you don’t lose the signal of the TV if the weather is bad. This is why lots of people are prepared to pay for their TV to come from satellite because they know that they will have very little problems with loss of signal. But now that we have digital TV there are more channels available on terrestrial which means that people who don’t want to pay for satellite can still get more channels than they used to be able to get. For example with freeview you only pay about £30 pounds for the box and then once you have bought it you don’t have to pay anything else and you get about 80 channels.
Cable TV broadcasting
Cable broadcasting is when you receive your TV signals trough cables that are run under your street. . They can give the same channels and quality as satellite but there are more problems with getting cable than there are with getting satellite. Virgin media is the leading cable TV provider in the UK. It supplies a number of different cable packages that can even include phone packages. This means that virgin own 95% of the UK market. This is called a monopoly. The main problem is that if you do not have a cable running under your street then there is no way that you can receive cable. Also to put a new cable in you have to do major work to the road to get the cable in. And then if it breaks then you have repeat the whole process again. However the upshot of this is that the programmes come straight from the TV station to your TV. And an advantage for the broadcaster is that once you get a cable in then that street can only get cable from you. But then a disadvantage for the viewer is that if they don’t want to be with the cable company on their street then they don’t really have many other options apart from satellite or freeview. This means that you are more likely to get more customers. However one big disadvantage with all of these mediums of broadcasting is that now they have more channels there will be much more competition for the audience. And also with more channels means that they will also have to lower their advertising slot prices because if theirs are too high then the advertiser will just go somewhere else.
Internet protocol Television (IPTV)
Internet TV is brought to us over broadband and they bring us sites like 4OD and BBC iplayer that play TV shows that have been on TV on the internet. Broadband is a high frequency signal on the telephone lines. This is very good for us as a consumer because we can watch programmes that they have missed online and on some of the sites like 4OD they have old TV shows that were on channel 4 at one point but aren’t any more. Most video’s that you watch on the internet use buffering where you can temporarily download and watch. Then you can also stream TV shows which mean that you download it onto your computer and watch it whenever you want. However for the TV stations it means that they now have to find a way to make money from this without charging for usage. BBC iplayer have set their catch up site so that the programmes run out after about 2 weeks after they were first aired but the other internet sites have had to put adverts on their internet sites. I think that if we can just watch the TV on the internet then it will discourage lots of people from watching TV. I think this because the people now being able to watch TV whenever they want they will not watch the shows on TV. This means that along with all the other factors that I have mentioned the broadcast methods are changing.
Terrestrial broadcasting is the broadcasting of images and media through radio waves. This is done by erecting large radio antenna that then broadcast the radio waves to smaller antenna that are attached to a person’s house. The BBC broadcast on terrestrial. This method of TV broadcasting has been used for a long time. With analogue broadcasting there are only a certain amount of TV channels that can be broadcast because of the bandwidth. The bandwidth is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are quite a few drawbacks with analogue broadcasting. For one if the weather is bad then you can lose the signal on your TV. Also radio antenna cannot broadcast very far so you need lots of them to cover a wide area. And lastly if your house is situated behind a hill and the antenna is on the other side then you will not receive much signal because the radio waves cannot travel through solid objects. However now with the invention of digital terrestrial we can now use a multiplex to combine lots of TV signals into one bandwidth. This means that we can now get more channels on a terrestrial broadcast. Digital signals are better than analogue because they can give better quality of picture and sound. They can now also introduce interactive aspects into digital TV.
Satellite broadcasting
Satellite broadcasting is when the TV station transmits the TV signal to a satellite that is situated in orbit around the earth. SKY is the biggest UK provider of satellite TV. This satellite then transmits the signal back down to earth and to the houses that have the receiving dish. This method of broadcasting is a lot better that terrestrial broadcasting because of a number of things. One is that you can broadcast much more channels. This means that now there are a lot more channels that can cater to the wide diversity of the British audience. But know because of digital terrestrial we can get more channels without having to pay for satellite. Also there is no problem with the lay of the land because the satellite is above the land. Also the quality of the signal is a lot better because you don’t lose the signal of the TV if the weather is bad. This is why lots of people are prepared to pay for their TV to come from satellite because they know that they will have very little problems with loss of signal. But now that we have digital TV there are more channels available on terrestrial which means that people who don’t want to pay for satellite can still get more channels than they used to be able to get. For example with freeview you only pay about £30 pounds for the box and then once you have bought it you don’t have to pay anything else and you get about 80 channels.
Cable TV broadcasting
Cable broadcasting is when you receive your TV signals trough cables that are run under your street. . They can give the same channels and quality as satellite but there are more problems with getting cable than there are with getting satellite. Virgin media is the leading cable TV provider in the UK. It supplies a number of different cable packages that can even include phone packages. This means that virgin own 95% of the UK market. This is called a monopoly. The main problem is that if you do not have a cable running under your street then there is no way that you can receive cable. Also to put a new cable in you have to do major work to the road to get the cable in. And then if it breaks then you have repeat the whole process again. However the upshot of this is that the programmes come straight from the TV station to your TV. And an advantage for the broadcaster is that once you get a cable in then that street can only get cable from you. But then a disadvantage for the viewer is that if they don’t want to be with the cable company on their street then they don’t really have many other options apart from satellite or freeview. This means that you are more likely to get more customers. However one big disadvantage with all of these mediums of broadcasting is that now they have more channels there will be much more competition for the audience. And also with more channels means that they will also have to lower their advertising slot prices because if theirs are too high then the advertiser will just go somewhere else.
Internet protocol Television (IPTV)
Internet TV is brought to us over broadband and they bring us sites like 4OD and BBC iplayer that play TV shows that have been on TV on the internet. Broadband is a high frequency signal on the telephone lines. This is very good for us as a consumer because we can watch programmes that they have missed online and on some of the sites like 4OD they have old TV shows that were on channel 4 at one point but aren’t any more. Most video’s that you watch on the internet use buffering where you can temporarily download and watch. Then you can also stream TV shows which mean that you download it onto your computer and watch it whenever you want. However for the TV stations it means that they now have to find a way to make money from this without charging for usage. BBC iplayer have set their catch up site so that the programmes run out after about 2 weeks after they were first aired but the other internet sites have had to put adverts on their internet sites. I think that if we can just watch the TV on the internet then it will discourage lots of people from watching TV. I think this because the people now being able to watch TV whenever they want they will not watch the shows on TV. This means that along with all the other factors that I have mentioned the broadcast methods are changing.
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